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Key enzyme involved in protecting nerves from degeneration identified

ScienceDaily (Mar. 30, 2012) ? A new animal model of nerve injury has brought to light a critical role of an enzyme called Nmnat in nerve fiber maintenance and neuroprotection. Understanding biological pathways involved in maintaining healthy nerves and clearing away damaged ones may offer scientists targets for drugs to mitigate neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's and Parkinson's, as well as aid in situations of acute nerve damage, such as spinal cord injury.

University of Pennsylvanian biologists developed the model in the adult fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

"We are using the basic power of the fly to learn about how neurons are damaged in acute injury situations," said Nancy Bonini, senior author of the research and a professor in the Department of Biology at Penn. "Our work indicates that Nmnat may be key."

The research was published in Current Biology. First author on the study is postdoctoral researcher Yanshan Fang, with additional contributions from postdoctoral researcher Lorena Soares and research technicians Xiuyin Teng and Melissa Geary, all of Penn's Department of Biology.

When a nerve suffers an acute injury -- as might be caused by a penetrating wound, for example, or a broken bone that damages nearby tissues -- the long projection of the nerve cell, called the axon, can become injured and degenerate. The process by which it disintegrates is known as Wallerian or Wallerian-like degeneration and is an active, orderly process.

Though this function of eliminating damaged nerve cells is crucial, biologists do not have a clear understanding of all of the molecular signaling pathways that govern the process.

Bonini's lab has previously focused on chronic neurodegenerative diseases but made this foray into acute nerve injury to determine if mechanistic overlaps exist between acute axon injury and chronic neurodegeneration. They first searched for an appropriate nerve tract to target and identified the wing of adult flies as a prime option.

The fly wing is not only translucent and a site of lengthy nerve fibers that can be easily observed, but it can also be cut to cause injury without killing the fly. That way, the researchers can follow the animal's response to nerve injury for weeks.

Using various reagents to manipulate the fly's genetic traits, the team confirmed that the cut wing nerve underwent Wallerian degeneration. They then tested versions of Nmnat and another protein called Wld^S, all of which had previously been shown to protect nerves from degeneration, to see if any of these might stop the process. All significantly delayed neurodegeneration. Even a form of Nmnat that hadn't worked in other animal models suppressed degeneration, although to a lesser extent.

"That indicates that our assay is really sensitive," Bonini said. "This sensitivity could help us identify genes that have moderate although important functionality at protecting against nerve degeneration."

Their investigations into the wing nerve also showed that the degenerating axon "died back," fragmenting first from the axon terminals, the side farthest from the nerve cell body -- a pattern similar to what has been seen in other disorders.

Doing more genetic tinkering, the researchers showed that when the animal's own Nmnat was depleted, the nerves fragmented in the same way as if the axon was physically cut. And when Nmnat and the other "rescue" proteins were added back to these genetically modified flies, they were able to block degeneration, highlighting that Nmnat is critical to maintaining healthy axons.

In a final set of experiments, the biologists sought to narrow where in the nerve cells Nmnat might be working. They focused on mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells. When they created a genetic line of flies that blocked mitochondria from entering the axon fibers, the nerve tract degenerated, again, in a dying-back fashion. Yet now Wld^S and Nmnat failed to prevent axon degeneration, suggesting that those proteins may act on and require the presence of axonal mitochondria to maintain healthy nerves in normal flies.

Flipping that scenario around, they looked to see what happened to the mitochondria of flies upon nerve injury. When they cut the wing nerve axons, the mitochondria rapidly disappeared. Yet they can largely preserve the mitochrondria by increasing expression of Nmnat.

Their results, taken together with the findings of other studies, suggest that Nmnat may stabilize mitochondria in some way in order to keep axons in a healthy state.

"We have some hope that these proteins or their activity may someday serve as drug targets or could provide the foundation for a therapeutic advance," Bonini said. "But right now, my hope is that the power of the fly model will open up a lot of new directions of research and new pathways that could be targets for development in the future."

This study was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Fidelity Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Pennsylvania.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Yanshan Fang, Lorena Soares, Xiuyin Teng, Melissa Geary, Nancy?M. Bonini. A Novel Drosophila Model of Nerve Injury Reveals an Essential Role of Nmnat in Maintaining Axonal Integrity. Current Biology, 2012; DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.065

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Difference Between Trading in Forex and Stock Trading | My Article ...

The foreign exchange trade is also recognized as the FX market, and the forex dealing. Transacting that takes place among two areas with varied currencies is the premise for the fx market and the aspect of the trading in this business. The forex business is over thirty years old, started in the early 1970s. The forex trade is one that is not established on any one industry or investing in any one company, but the dealing and selling of currencies.

The distinction among the stock trade and the forex trade is the enormous dealing that happens on the forex market. There are millions and millions that are dealt every day in the forex trade, nearly two trillion dollars are transacted every day. The total is a lot higher than the capital transacted on the customary stock market of any nation. The forex trade is one that entails regimes, banks, financial organizations and those equivalent kinds of organizations from another countryside.

What is dealt, purchased and traded on the forex trade is something that can readily be cashed in, meaning it can be rotated back to cash quickly, or often times it is, in fact, going to be cash. From one currency to other, the accessibility of cash in the forex trade is something that can take place rapidly for any investor from any nation.

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The stock business in any nation is going to be established on only that state currency, say, for instance, the Japanese yen, and the Japanese stock business, or the United States stock business and the dollar. Nevertheless, in the forex trade, you are implicated in many kinds of nations, and numerous currencies. You will come upon quotations to a multiplicity of currencies, and this is a considerable distinction between the stock business and the forex business.

Manage your personal finance very carefully. Learn more about insurance, loans, share market, forex trading, mutual funds, stock market trading, etc.

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Private Jets for Flying with Gusto - Travel - EzineMark

If you are among those who think that taking a private jet is a waste of money; you need to understand a few vital points about air travel. This is because, if you have the resources you should not deny yourself a lifetime treat in a private jet just because you think it is of no use.

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If by any chance you have never taken a private jet, it is high time you start aspiring to take off on your next business tour in a private jet. This is because you will be able to stay off busy commercial airports where you have to wait for landing signals among other routines which you could have been avoided by going for private jet rental. In case you are among the lucky few, it is worthwhile to consider offer with private jets for sale. This will put you ahead of your business competitors as you can travel with less hustles to manage your international interests.

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March 30th, 2012 gfdyreyv Posted in Other Stuff | 4 Comments ?

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AZ Shower Door Inc. Recording: Legal to Record a Conversation ...

Phoenix police recently released a secretly recorded conversation between Fred Knadler, owner of Arizona Shower Door Inc., and one of Knadler's employees. In the recording, Knadler reportedly offers the employee a large sum of money to dispose of the body of Knadler's wife, Libby, ABC News reports.

The employee-made recording arguably helped save Kandler's wife, Libby, from a gruesome fate. But the recording begs one question: under Arizona law, is it legal to secretly record a conversation?

At the time of the recording in January, Knadler was going through a contentious divorce and claimed that he wanted his wife dead because she demanded millions of dollars in the divorce settlement. Knadler turned to an employee, offering him money to bury his wife's body in a hole in a remote area. The employee secretly recorded the conversation.

"I'll give you a bundle to put in that hole," Knadler is heard saying to the employee. "I'm not telling you what's going to be in the bundle. It'll be wrapped in a blanket or sheet or something."

Soon after, the employee reported the incident to the police and handed in the recorded conversation. While the recording was obviously invaluable in this case, is it legal in Arizona to record a conversation without the other person's knowledge?

Under a federal statute, it is legal to record a conversation as long as at least one member of the conversation is aware that it's being recorded. This federal law is the blueprint for many state laws, including Arizona's recording law. Therefore, the employee's recording of his conversation with Knadler is completely legal because the employee was aware of it being recorded.

The majority of states share this one-person requirement. However, 12 states, including California and Florida, require that both parties to the conversation have knowledge that it's being recorded.

In all cases, it's illegal to record a conversation in which no participants are aware that they are being recorded.

While it's a bit disconcerting to think about having a conversation recorded without your knowledge, it's comforting to know that secret recordings can be an effective tool in preventing crimes, like those of which Fred Knadler is accused.

Related Resources:

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Google to open online tablet store: report

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Full face transplant promises less risk of rejection

Surgeons in the US have performed what they claim is the most extensive full-face transplant yet performed, repairing the face of a 37-year-old man who lost his lips and nose 15 years ago in a gunshot accident. The graft could reveal better ways to stop a patient's body rejecting donated tissue.

Richard Lee Norris of Hillsville, Virginia, received almost the entire face from a donor. The donated tissue ran from the scalp and included all elements of the face down to ? but not including ? the collar bones. It also contained the bones of both jaws, teeth devoid of any fillings, and the third of the tongue extending to its tip.

"All these segments have been transplanted in the past and the other groups of surgeons have led the way for us, but no one has included all these components," says lead surgeon Eduardo Rodriguez of the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore, where the 36-hour operation took place on 19 and 20 March.

The other major innovation is the inclusion in the jaws of the donor's bone marrow, still fed by blood vessels, which could mean that Norris will need less immunosuppressing therapy to stop his body rejecting the foreign grafts.

Chimeric harmony

Experiments by Rodriguez's team in animals ? published last year in the American Journal of Transplantation (DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03551.x) ? demonstrated that transplants suffer less rejection by the immune system if they include "vascularised" bone marrow fed by blood vessels, than if there is no bone at all in the transplant.

"We have confirmation of that in vascularised bone transplants," says Rodriguez. "So vascularised bone marrow might be better than infusions of bone marrow stem cells to create a situation where the donor and recipient cells can live in chimeric harmony."

The hope is that the same effect will be seen in Norris. "The good thing is the large vascularised bone marrow content, which has potential to assist in the long-term survival of the graft," says Rodriguez.

Increasing challenges

The breakthrough continues a trend of steadily larger facial grafts since the first, in 2005, on Isabelle Dinoire in France. That graft covered only the lower part of her face. A Spanish team in 2010 announced what they claimed was the first full-face transplant, but Rodriguez says that it didn't include the tongue.

"The reason surgeons are transplanting more and more tissue is because increasingly difficult patients with more and more deficits are being considered for transplant," says Maria Siemionow of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation in Ohio, the surgeon whose team carried out the first US face transplant in 2008.

But Siemionow says it doesn't necessarily mean that "more is better", as there are risks in removing perfectly functional pre-existing tissue to replace it with donated tissue. "And you have potential problems with bail-out or rescue procedures if the graft goes wrong."

For example, Siemionow's transplant patient, Connie Culp, had functional upper eyelids, so it would have been risky to sacrifice those to replace them with donated tissue.

Abilities regained

According to Siemionow, the most important advance in face transplants over the previous practice of using skin grafts is that the transplant includes functional elements such as nerves and muscles which integrate with the patient's own to give them abilities they may have lost through an accident.

Norris, for example, couldn't chew food or speak properly, but has the promise to do so now that he has new jaws and teeth, and a complete tongue which should enable him to pronounce words properly. Meanwhile, Culp can now breathe independently, smile, eat solid food, smell, and sense full feelings in her face, none of which she could do before.

Siemionow says the biggest unsolved challenge remains the need for lifelong immunosuppression. "That's a very important goal for the future," she says.

She adds that it remains to be seen whether Rodriguez's claims for vascularised bone marrow improving acceptance will prove correct.

Another important development is coordination between transplant providers. A US and international registry of potential recipients is to be launched later this year.

If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.

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Jon Stewart Rips Spike Lee for Ruining Adorable Old Couple's Life With Tweet [Video]

Spike Lee recently re-tweeted the home address of an elderly couple that he mistakenly thought was George Zimmerman's house to his 256,000 followers. Last night, Jon Stewart rightly—and hilariously—took him to task on The Daily Show. More »

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/dEt9lw5B850/jon-stewart-rips-spike-lee-for-ruining-adorable-old-couples-life-with-tweet

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3quarksdaily: Cancer screen yields drug clues

Cancer screen yields drug clues

From Nature:

Two compendiums of data unite genetic profiling with drug testing to create the most complete picture yet of how mutations can shape a cancer?s response to therapy.?The results, published today in Nature^{1, 2}, suggest that the effectiveness of most anticancer agents depends on the genetic make-up of the cancer against which they are used. One study found a link between drug sensitivity and at least one mutation in a cancer-related gene for 90% of the compounds tested.

Lab-grown cancer cells are a mainstay of research into the disease. The two projects catalogue the genetic features of hundreds of such cell lines, including mutations in cancer-associated genes and patterns of gene activation. They then match these features with how the cells respond to approved and potential drugs. ?This is a very powerful finding,? says Tom Hudson, president of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research in Toronto, Canada, who was not affiliated with the work. ?It could provide valuable information for designing clinical trials, and lead to more focused and less expensive approaches to drug development.?

More here.

Posted by Azra Raza at 06:18 AM | Permalink

Source: http://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2012/03/cancer-screen-yields-drug-clues.html

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Pedals, gears, and poles: India's makeshift wheelchairs

Thousands of disabled commuters navigate busy streets of New Delhi in wheelchairs that look like bikes, powering themselves with their hands and steering with a metal pole.

? A local, slice-of-life story from a Monitor correspondent.

Skip to next paragraph

?At first glance, Su Kumar could be taken for a bicyclist. Pedaling through the snarl of cars, trucks, buses, and donkey carts, he rolls right along with New Delhi?s chaotic traffic. But instead of using his feet, Mr. Kumar, who uses a wheelchair, pedals with his hands. He?s one of thousands of disabled commuters in the capital who navigate the city on wheels.

In a country that has few amenities for those with disabilities, innovation is critical. Kumar?s wheelchair looks like a three-wheeled bike with a bucket seat. He travels about 10 miles to work each day, powering himself with his hands and steering with a metal pole.

Kumar has been unable to walk since he was a child. But he considers himself fortunate. Fifteen years ago, a local charity gave him his wheelchair, which cost more than $100. He says it has made all the difference.

?I can do everything with this wheelchair,? says Kumar with a smile.

Wheelchair users not only navigate Delhi?s tricky streets, they have turned their wheelchairs into makeshift stores, barbershops, and vegetable stalls.
On a sweltering afternoon, a group of jabbering children surrounds a man juggling dripping ice-cream cones amid the honking cars. He moves with ease. It takes an experienced eye to notice that he?s in a wheelchair that is attached to his ice cream cart.

Get daily or weekly updates from?CSMonitor.com?delivered to your inbox.?Sign up today.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/csmonitor/globalnews/~3/TV0C8gLoP6A/Pedals-gears-and-poles-India-s-makeshift-wheelchairs

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Brad Paisley endows scholarship at Belmont Univ.

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/brad-paisley-endows-scholarship-belmont-univ-210546193.html

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organizational leadership training | infosites | Sport Boutiques

Other items in the same category Concordia University Online ?[?http://onlineprograms.cune.edu/?] As part of our mission to provide a Christ-centered education to prepare our students for lives of learning, service and leadership, we at Concordia University, Nebraska offer selected programs online to reach a larger and more diverse population. [?read more?] instructional design degree ?[?http://www.purdueonlineprograms.com/ldt/learning-design-technology?] The online Master of Science in education in learning design and technology from Purdue University is designed to help you develop, implement and evaluate learning methods for a variety of contexts. [?read more?] The Student Thesis Company ?[?http://www.studentthesis.com?] Proofreading and proofediting services for students - Students??? written work should reflect their research and studies. Essays, papers, dissertations and theses are means of assessing standards and quality. Many students achieve high academic excellence, but whose written submissions include grammatical or spelling errors that they cannot recognise, or whose writing lacks clarity. [?read more?] Building Strong Families National Seminars Links ?[?http://www.strongfamilies.us/links.php?] Serving families, individuals, parents, couples, and professionals, Building Strong Families National Seminars facilitates powerful educational conferences, seminars, parenting webinars, and offers family-related products with topics geared toward strengthening, empowering, and enhancing the family, schools, and the community. [?read more?] digital jobs london ?[?http://www.incite-people.co.uk?] Incite People London is a full-service digital recruitment company specialise in digital marketing jobs, social media jobs, ecommerce jobs,digital design jobs. [?read more?]

?

organizational leadership training | infosites | Sport Boutiques

Source: http://www.sportboutiques.eu/infosites/item-54732.html

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Rotoworld: Fantasy baseball draft guide

Sorry, Readability was unable to parse this page for content.

Source: http://rotoworld.com/premium/draftguide/baseball/main_page.aspx

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Eye-Tracking Computers Will Read Your Thoughts

If we have learned anything from the steady drumbeat of revelations about data collected without our consent?think Carrier IQ in November, Android in December, and Google, Twitter, Apple, and Android last month?it is that these stories tend to follow a predictable pattern: After a few days of headlines, calls for congressional or FTC investigations, and damage-control statements from company representatives, attention shifts elsewhere. For each data collection leak that gets identified and plugged, there are probably dozens more waiting to be discovered. It is an environment in which asking forgiveness, not permission, has proven to be a highly successful business strategy.

The overwhelming majority of the time, no one will be interested in putting all of this information together. But if someone does want to identify us by name, study our eye movements, and try to gauge what we, as individuals, were thinking as we viewed digital content, all of the necessary data will be readily available.

We also have to recognize the law-enforcement and security applications for eye-tracking. Researchers in the United States and the United Kingdom have mapped the correlation between blink rates, pupil dilation, and deception. The Department of Homeland Security has been developing a ?pre-crime? program aimed at identifying criminals before they act. The DHS program, known as Future Attribute Screening Technology, is designed to analyze images acquired at airport security checkpoints to measure eye movement, position, and gaze (as well as heart rate, respiration, and facial expression) to identify behavior deemed suspicious.

Of course, it?s tempting to think that there?s a very low-tech solution to unwanted eye-tracking performed by our personal electronics devices: put a piece of masking tape over the camera. For today?s devices, that would do the trick. But that may not be an option in the future. As evidenced by an Apple patent application, future display screens could include thousands of tiny imaging sensors built into the screen itself.

Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=24cc776b56d140e89f39969d3c65cdfc

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SELF IMPROVEMENT AND Achievement ? Talulah Riley Fan Page

What happens to people occurs in purpose. And they often, something leads to one other. As opposed to locking by yourself way up in your wire crate of fears along with sobbing over earlier heartaches, being embarrassed and disappointments, care for them for your teachers and they will become your tools in both personal development along with success.

I remember watching Patch Adams it is my personal favorite movie, basically. A one excellent film that will help you develop by yourself. Hunter patch Adams can be a health care student who actually did not make it through any mother board exams. Just after a few months of hurting within melancholy, depressive disorder along with suicidal efforts the guy decided to seek for medical attention and voluntarily mentioned himself in a mental ward. His a few months of stay in the hospital encouraged him to be able to getting together with different kinds of people today. Sick and tired people in this subject. He satisfied the catatonic, a psychologically retarded, the schizophrenic and so on. Repair found ways of getting rid of their own ailment and ultimately understood he has to return to monitor. He aroused from sleep a person morning realizing that of course the breakdown along with pains he's used, he nevertheless desire to become the a doctor. This individual carries along with themselves a positive attitude this brought her personal development and results. This individual didnt only better themselves, but also the life of people around her and also the quality of life. Have the guy succeed? As you can imagine, the guy became the most effective darn doctor his united states has seen.

Which means that, when can personal development become symbolic of results? Where will we start? Take the strategies presented, friends
*Stop imagining and experiencing as if youre a failure, mainly because youre certainly not. How can people accept you if YOU cant love you?

*When the simple truth is hunks and versions on television, think more about personal development, not do it yourself pitying. Personally acceptance is not merely about having good thin legs, or perhaps excellent abs. Give full attention to internal beauty.

*When people today come to feel so straight down along with low about independently, help them progress. Dont decrease with them. Theyll move everyone down more along with both of you can become experiencing inferior.

*The entire world can be a large room in your home intended for lessons, certainly not mistakes. Dont feel mindless along with doomed forever even though you bad on the science ask. Theres normally a the very next time. Help make rooms intended for personal development.

*Take things one at a time. Anyone dont expect black sheeps to become goody-two-shoes within a snap of your kids finger. Self improvement can be a sooner or later at a time method.

*Self improvement results to internal harmony, personality improvement along with dig the following . SUCCESS. It comes through self confidence, self understanding along with self esteem.

2 . Arranged meaningful along with possible goals. Self improvement doesnt flip you to function as the exact replica of Cameron Diaz or perhaps Ralph Fiennes. It all hope and endeavors to be able to result to a better and YOU.

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Dave Saldana: Journalists Participate in Democracy; Gannett Cowers

You really have to hand it to right-wing media hounds. They've gotten so good at bird-dogging the media that they don't even have to raise their alarm of faux outrage and trumped up claims of bias anymore. Now, so fearful are the once-great bastions of journalism of the mere accusation, that they hound their own.

See, for example, the Wisconsin newspapers of the Gannett chain, which Monday offered mea culpas for their 25 employees among the million-plus Wisconsinites who signed the petition to recall Gov. Scott Walker.

In virtually identical columns, allegedly authored by the local editor, each of the Gannett Wisconsin papers takes great pains to say, with slight variations in verbiage, that "none of the [...] employees who signed petitions are involved with reporting or editing or assigning political coverage."

Nonetheless, the editors accuse these staffers of ethical violations and subject them to disciplinary measures. (Romenesko asks whether claiming authorship for someone else's work is also unethical in Gannett's world. Will the editors face discipline as well?) In doing so, they claim:

The principle at stake is our belief 'that journalists must exercise caution and not become involved with issues that may cause doubts about their neutrality as journalists.' Engaging in political activity is foremost. That belief is even more critical in an era when journalism is under a microscope and our credibility is routinely challenged.

Leaving aside the false, quaint conceit that journalists are neutral, there you have a tacit admission that this action was motivated not by some high standard of journalism ethics -- higher than any news organization I ever worked for; I was always permitted and encouraged to participate in the democratic process -- but by fear that some political bullies might call them biased.

So routinely is every news outlet's credibility challenged that the accusation of bias is no more bothersome than ants at a picnic. Republicans, and conservatives in general, make it a routine part of their game plan, even though they've admitted it's a disingenuous ploy they use to escape blame for their own shortcomings.

But, O! The top levels of management at Gannett quake at the thought that professional name-callers might taunt them.

They assert that "journalists must make every effort to remain neutral and impartial when reporting or presenting the news. Journalists must go to extra lengths to guard against even the impression of favoring a candidate or a position."

That's true. That's why reporters are hired for their ability to report fairly on the issues, regardless of their personal politics, and editors are hired to ensure that they do. Does Gannett not have employees capable of doing so? And if that's the case, why are they still employed? And why are the people who hired them still employed?

But wait -- didn't they just say that none of the people who signed the petitions were involved in reporting on or assigning politics? If not, why are they somehow suspect? How do the acts of those uninvolved in political coverage impact the political coverage?

Granted, taking a position on an issue as contentious as recalling Walker is a political act. Signing a petition is clearly taking sides. But then, so too is choosing not to sign a petition. Are those staffers who did not sign because they support Walker and oppose the recall effort also facing disciplinary action? And if not, how does Gannett rationalize that choice? Because clearly any staffer who did not sign is presumptively a Walker supporter and can't be trusted to report fairly on the issues, right?

Given the choice, I'll take a reporter who owns up to her opinions over one who hides behind a fake veil of "objectivity."

While Gannett blithely allows that its employees have the right to vote, it differentiates here because the petitions are public record. Their staffers, accused of a career-threatening lapse of ethics, disagreed. "They equated it to casting a ballot in an election or simply calling for an election," Gannett wrote. "That rationale might work in an academic debate, but we do not make that distinction."

Actually, that rationale might also work in a court of law. Wisconsin Statute 103.18 holds, "No person shall, by threatening to discharge a person from his or her employment or threatening to reduce the wages of a person [...] attempt to influence a qualified voter to give or withhold the voter's vote at an election."

If I were one of the 25 Gannett Wisconsin employees singled out for discipline for participating in the democratic process and publicly accused of unethical conduct, which could substantially harm my prospects for employment and future earnings, I might consider whether Gannett has violated Statute 103.18 and defamed me in the process.

Many supporters of Gannett's public flogging have blamed the victims here, claiming the staffers knew that they were in the wrong, because they "signed a contract" that abnegated their rights and duties as citizens. But as any first-year law student could tell you, a contract that violates public policy or statute is void. You cannot be coerced into surrendering your rights as a citizen in order to receive a paycheck.

Gannett's handwashing ends with a finger-wag at the accused: "The super-charged emotions alone should have been a red flag to the journalists who signed the recall petitions. [...] They should have realized there would be a public backlash resulting from this lapse in judgment."

It takes real chutzpah to tsk-tsk your employees even as you cowardly, preemptively attack them for exercising their rights while admitting you did it because you were afraid that people might call you names.

But if backlash was what you feared, Gannett, I'd recommend you avoid reading the comments to your self-serving columns. Given the overwhelming support for your employees and their rights, you may have to find someone else to throw under the bus.

?

Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dave-saldana/gannett-newspapers-walker-recall_b_1380983.html

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Ancient civilizations reveal ways to manage fisheries for sustainability

Friday, March 23, 2012

In the search for sustainability of the ocean's fisheries, solutions can be found in a surprising place: the ancient past.

In a study published on March 23 in the journal Fish and Fisheries, a team of marine scientists reconstructed fisheries yields over seven centuries of human habitation in Hawaii and the Florida Keys, the largest coral reef ecosystems in the United States, and evaluated the management strategies associated with periods of sustainability. The results surprised them.

"Before European contact, Native Hawaiians were catching fish at rates that far exceed what reefs currently provide society," said John "Jack" N. Kittinger, co-author and an early career fellow at the Center for Ocean Solutions at Stanford University. "These results show us that fisheries can be both highly productive and sustainable, if they're managed effectively." In contrast, historical fisheries in Florida were characterized by boom and bust, with serial depletions of highly valuable species for export markets. Today many species that were the target of 19th and early 20th century fisheries in Florida - including green turtles, sawfish, conch and groupers - have severely reduced populations or are in danger of extinction.

"Seven hundred years of history clearly demonstrate that management matters," said Loren McClenachan, co-author and assistant professor of environmental studies at Colby College. "Ancient Hawaiian societies used sophisticated tools similar to innovative conservation strategies used today, like marine protected areas and restrictions on harvest of vulnerable species like sharks." The difference, the authors explained, was in the way fisheries governance systems were structured. Regulations were developed locally with the buy-in of community members, but they were also effectively enforced with methods that now would be considered draconian. "Today, no management system comes close to achieving this balance, and as a result, resource depletion and collapse is common," said McClenachan.

The authors were able to characterize historical catch rates in Florida and Hawaii through an extensive review of archival sources, including species-specific catch records from the 1800s and archaeological reconstructions of human population densities and per-capita fish consumption back to the 1300s. Such information is relatively rare in coral reef areas. They then characterized management regimes associated with periods of high sustained yields using a variety of sources, including published work of Native Hawaiian scholars. This work revealed that sustainable fisheries existed during periods in which regulations were strict and socially enforced in ways that were often class and gender based. For example, many vulnerable species?like sharks and marine turtles?were reserved exclusively for high priests and chiefs.

Ancient Hawaiian societies depended entirely on local resources and needed creative ways to avoid resource collapse. For example, fishpond aquaculture was used to sequester nutrients and reduce pollution on reefs. In contrast, much of today's aquaculture requires large inputs of wild caught fish and antibiotics, often resulting in increased pollution. "Ancient Hawaiian society effectively practiced what we now call ecosystem-based management, which is something that modern society often struggles to achieve," says McClenachan. "Incorporating some of these ancient techniques into today's policy may be the key to sustaining our fisheries."

The authors of the study, entitled "Multicentury trends and the sustainability of coral reef fisheries in Hawai'i and Florida," point to the U.S. National Ocean Policy as an example of emerging attempts to manage ocean ecosystems more holistically, and local fisheries co-management as a modern way of including community members in designing effective fishing regulations. However, the authors caution that effective enforcement needs to go hand in hand with the development of local governance. "The ancient Hawaiians punished transgressors with corporal punishment," observed Kittinger. "Clearly, we don't recommend this, but it's easy to see there's room to tighten up today's enforcement efforts."

###

Stanford University: http://news.stanford.edu

Thanks to Stanford University for this article.

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